Aaÿ€{€€€s33 5` ­ƒp €P›@ppŠ@ °   ðŠPЀ@ÐP0 0P €@°ð°HH $„€ÃÂdÁ HHHH€ÌÌ€ÌÌ€ÌÌ€ff€@ÊøÊøÊøÿ€ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÁÿÿö Êøÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ€™ 'd Footnote TableFootnote* à* à.\t.\t :;,.É!?3'`€X b:TOC Heading_0 Heading_1…*#%(#),(((@)(@@)),).++/10best1980s1980s,1best26class3best3tuple4letter5best5letter7tuple???@,@@,ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSANNsARPAAT&TAichiAira AizuwakamatsuAlrightArai AsianPacificAwaBSingBayesianBellcore BhattacharyaBilevel BitstringBlah BoltzmannCCDROMsCDsCalvertChan ChigasakiChubuChugokuChuoCtrlDATLink DATbasedDATsDECtalkDTDTsDeshmukhDoD DoddingtonDrsEbelEdogawaElmanEpsteinExabyteFax FeedforwardFilenameFuchuFujisawa Fukushima FunabashiFurukawa GanapathirajuGbyteGbytesGellattGiniGoddardGraffGrowingpruningHMMsHachiojiHamakerHamakitaHanazawaHanejima Higashiosaka HigashiuwaHino Hiratsuka HitachiotaHochbergHopfieldHyogoIDedIEEEISIPISIPÕsIbarakiIidaInagiInternetIsoItahashiIwakiIwate JCSDlikeJoetsuKanagawaKantKantonKaratsu KashiharaKimizuKinkiKitauwaKobeKodairaKohonen 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misclassified misidentifiedmitomm moriguchi mousebased mouth_noisemuheNkaNmuko mulebasedmultimicrophonemultidisciplinary multilayered multisyllabic multivariatemutamyamyomyunntuplentuplesn_best_pronunciationsnaNyonahnananarecordnawnbest_pronunciationsnemuronetaudioneyagawani nihoNmatsuninohe no_correctnoda noisetypenoise_adaptation_delta noise_floornominal_noise_levelnominal_signal_level nonJapanese nonSPHERE nonbracketed nonspeech nonstationarynope nose_blowingntuplentuplesnumazunumber_of_channelsnyonyuobjectoriented observablesofflineohuongoingonlineonsite onechannelonehourorthooutput_directoryovergenerationoverspecificationowaripassbandpcmpe perceptron perceptronsperl phone_ringingphoneticallyrichpicone}@isip.msstate.eduplot_endpoints plot_signalpostprocessingppppbbb preemphasis presentday prespecified printthroughprioriprobabilisticallyprompting_textprosodicpyopyuqqqualitycontrolled quantizer quantizersra raw_file_list redigitizedresegmentationreadme realtime realvalued 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Transcribe ÒverbatimÓ, without correcting grammatical errors:ÒI seen him,Ó Òme and him 140701: isip_heading_0: 2. Original Instructions €35497: isip_tabletitle: Table1. A list of typical nonspeech sounds that are transcribed as Ò[noise]Ó. Effort expended on extremely  €( €)6IÔYó’140701: isip_heading_0: 2. Original Instructions6IÔYü €35497: isip_tabletitle: Table1. A list of typical nonspeech sounds that are transcribed as Ò[noise]Ó. Effort expended on extremely<$lastpagenum><$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>;<$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year> <$hour>:<$minute00> <$ampm>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear><$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear> <$fullfilename> <$filename> SWB Guidelines: Version 7.0 /Institute for Signal and Information Processing <$curpagenum> <$marker1> <$marker2> (Continued)+ (Sheet <$tblsheetnum> of <$tblsheetcount>) isip_page <$pagenum> isip_sectionSection <$paranumonly>Heading & Page <$paranum>isip_reference<$paranumonly> isip_figureFigure <$paranumonly>isip_document_nameLADVANCES IN AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF MULTIPLE PRONUNCIATIONS FOR PROPER NOUNSisip_document_dateOctober 1, 1998 isip_paranum<$paranumonly> isip_paratext <$paratext> isip_name/INSTITUTE FOR SIGNAL AND INFORMATION PROCESSINGisip_reference_0<$paranumonly> isip_tableTable <$paranumonly>!C##‚ ‚ ‚‚‚‚A‚‚C‚‚‚‚‚‚‚A‚A isip_title \A€ †m†žB€ÆB.†r42.†s43.†t45.†u46.“S47.”34Š™.2.1.‘ò$  Table1.‘— ŠXrŠ[v€”48.†~4 11.†4 12.‹÷4415.†416.“|421.“¥F\¥ ’ž34 ‹Š€€’~VQ’¤4419.’µ34Žý4w23.’‚V4†¦11.Š^r€Šdr†©42.Šev€ŠfrŠz43.Š{4-4.Š|4-2.‹ sv †°43.ŠƒrAŠ„r†³44.‹®rrŠ4A16.†¶45.Š‘4A17.@@??“??¤@@Ÿ@@­1.†¾46.¿.B1.1.‹ÔB‹ÕB‹›dd†Ã47.‹œrr‹rr†Æ48.‹¦€€‹§s€‹¯rr†ÊF¥ ’„ &‹´rr†ÍF¥ ‹µrr‹¶rr‹¸v†ÑF¥ ‹¹r‹ºr†Ô4 9.“??“…??•44420.‘œ‹Ø4414.‘†Û[2.2.‘ž‘Ÿ”??†Þ11.•?=Ž4 10.”a>>7.”³BB2?2?’¯4417.‘ ’IU’¶34“Ç4425.’ÂF4¥ ’ÄF\¥ –?=”ô33Ç.B1.2.”â??“†?e”??2+?2,@•?34“¦FF¥ ‘j141.“©F“F“ *“@UU“AUU“h4318.†èv"“y34†êr"“È4V26.†ìr#“z444.†îr$”44 9.“œE2.“¬>48.”î??”44 13.”K>>4.“æ44 10.”V>>2.”W>>3.”//”//”\>>6.”_>>5.•€4422.•E@@†ÿ45.‡v(‡r$‡r%‡ 46.‡47.‡48.‡v.‡ r'‡"r(‡$4 9. ‡.r* Žâ4 11.‘¡‘¢4w24.ý\v‘>B1.‘£G‘¤‘¥‘¦‘§‘¨‘©‘ª‘«‘¬‘­‘®‘¯‘±‘²‘³‘´‘µ‘¶‘·‘¸‘¹‘º‘»‘¼‘½‘¾‘¿‘À‘Á‘‘ÑđƑǑȑɑʑˑ̑͑ΑϑБёґӑԑՑ֑בّؑۑܑݑޑߑà‘á‘â‘ã‘ä‘å‘æ‘ç‘è‘釋v8‘ê‘ë‘쇖r;‡šr>‡ž4 12.‡¢'<‡¤s‡¦r‡¨#‡«r‡­r‡±4 13.‡¶v@‡¸rM‡»rO‡¿414.‡ÈrR‡ÉrS‡ÊrT‡ËrUœÛ<µü€œÙ;¼z9µá:µ>DœÑ8‡Î415.œîC24€?‡àvC‡ârX‡ärY‡ærZ‡çr[‡ér\‡ër]‡ìr^‡îr_‡ðr`‡òrb‡ôrc‡örd‡øre‡ürf‡ÿvgˆrhˆriˆrjˆrkˆ rlˆrmˆrnˆroˆrpˆrqˆ418.ˆ%vEˆ'rtˆ)ruˆ+rv ˆ6r{ˆ8r|ˆ<r~ˆ>rˆ@r€ˆCv€ˆGr€ˆIr€ˆKr€'ÂdÃqÁ‚ ‚ÂdÃq‚‚ HHÁÔƒ€†l‚cHHÁÔƒ€Â€ÿþT%%‰UT‰UT`4General Instructions for SWITCHBOARD Transcriptions ¦ÿþ \This document is structured into two sections: the original SWITCHBOARD(SWB) transcription 0´ÿþ_guidelines and the ISIP modifications to this standard. Historically, the problem with any SWB `convention document has been that the data delivered does not conform to the guidelines. Hence, \the ISIP modifications are somewhat a documentation of what conventions are embedded in the \current corpus, along with some new conventions based on the goals of our project. The ISIP emodifications appear first followed by the SWB standard. If a particular issue is not covered in the @SISIP amendments section, then assume we are following the original SWB convention. 4À–ÿþ`Appended Instructions 7 fThe following guidelines for segmentationL aJnd transcription of SWB take precedence over the ÀÀÿþHioriginal SWB transcription conventions supLplJied by LDC (and described in Section ½2 ¼). 6ÀÜÿþ` Segmentation  _The original goal of this project was to provide a new segmentation of the database to support 0Áÿþ^improved acoustic training for speech recognition. It is important to remember this goal when ]discussing the challenging problem of SWB segmentation. Note that we do not pay attention to ]turns and such linguistic phenomena in performing the segmentation. Our segmentation will be @)largely based on the acoustic dataL. ZÁLÿþ ZConversations will be broken into a sequence of segments which we refer to as utterances. 0ÁZÿþcUtterances will consist of either speech padded by 0.5 secs of silence on each side, or consist of bonly silence (background noise). Further, a design goal of the project is that an utterance be no fmore than 15 seconds in length. Ideally, breakpoints will be inserted at natural linguistic points in `the utterance such as sentence or phrase boundaries. When no suitable boundary can be found, we cprogressively relax the requirement that the silence padding be 0.5 seconds in duration. Below are @'some general rules about segmentation. €RÁ¼ÿþ \Each utterance should be padded by a nominal 0.5 second buffer of silence on both sides. In ÁÊÿþ@Dgeneral, these silence buffers can range from 0.35 to 0.75 seconds. €ÁÞÿþ eThe boundary can Monly Lbe placed in a ÒsilenceÓ consisting solely of channel noiseF and ÁìÿþhbLackground noiseF.D Whenever possible place the boundary in a section with very low energy @P(visually speaking, this is a flat part of the signal in the segmentation tool) €Âÿþ ZThe 0.5 second buffers can contain breath noises, lip smacks, channel pops, and any other Âÿþ@`non-speech phenomena. However the boundary Mcan notL be placed in a noise of this sort. €Â0ÿþ UNo utterance can be longer than 15 seconds. As an utterance approaches 15 seconds in 0Â>ÿþ\length, the validator is allowed to find a point of segmentation that will generate silence ]buffers less than 0.5 seconds but not less than 0.1 seconds. If this segmentation can not be Ufound then that utterance should be marked as ÒNEEDS_REVIEWÓ in the log file and the @[validator should Dsend Lan e-mail to the adjudication team explaining the problem. Q€Â|ÿþ`VEvery utterance containing only silence must be greater than 1.0 seconds in duration. HHÁÔƒ€†n‚cHHÁÔƒ€ ŽÿðlÂdƇ HHÁÔÂzª¨†ˆHHÁÔÂzª¨ÂtD&&€ SWhenever possible choose a segmentation that maintains the phrase structure of the 0Zconversation. This means that, ideally, we would like every utterance to contain a single Wphrase. However, due to the nature of the SWB data, we realize that this is not always @Spossible. MNoteL: The previous instructions take precedence over this one. YF gThe end of the preceding utterance coincides with the start of the next utterance. HenceL aJll 0Tldata is accounted for. LSeJgmentation Lessentially iJnvolves placing a boundary between two @utterancesL. ~v €CJonsider a LsJtretch of silence which has Lsmall amplitude nJoises embeddedL in itJ as La Jsilence À„Xonly utteranceL - do not mark the noise and do not segment the noises into separate "putterancesJ. LHowever, if a noise has a particularly high amplitude, then sJegmentL it into its @own utterance. fÀ¸`Transcription n TTranscribe Òverbatim,Ó without correcting grammatical errors: Òi seen him,Ó Òme and ÀÞ@him gone to the movies,Ó etc. Àò XStandard reductions and alternate pronunciations: Unless otherwise noted below, if ÒnoÓ 0Á]is meant but said as ÒnawÓ or ÒnahÓ, transcribe it how it is spoken. e.g. ÒyÕallÓ instead of rÒyou allÓ;D ÒJgonnaÓ instead of Ògoing toÓ;D ÒJwannaÓ instead of Òwant toÓ.D HJowever, in Tcases where there is severe reduction of a preposition such as in ÒkindaÓ, ÒsortaÓ, \ÒgottaÓ, etc., transcribe the phrase as it was intended to be spoken. e.g. Òkind ofÓ, Òsort @ofÓ, Ògot toÓ. ÁL PFollow the dictionary on hyphenating compounds in clear-cut cases. But Òwhen in ÁZ@doubt, leave them out.Ó zÁn QCompound words: All compound words should be transcribed as one word when such a 0Á|Yword exists in the dictionary unless there is an acoustical pause between the two words. @,e.g. ÒsomeoneÓ, ÒeverydayÓ, ÒcannotÓ, etc. Áž UTry to avoid word abbreviations: Fort Worth, not Ft. Worth; percent, not %; dollars, Á¬@cents, and so forth. ÁÀ`AContractions are allowed. e.g. ÒthereÕllÓ, ÒitÕsÓ, ÒcanÕtÓ, etc.  QCapitalization: Use normal capitalization on proper nouns. Do not capitalize the Áâhbeginning of the sentence.D TJitles should be capitalized using the standard grammar rule:D ftJhe first word of a title is always capitalized, prepositions within a title that are under five @Rletters are always lowercase, and the last word of a title is always capitalized.  Â`>Example:D ÒJDances with WolvesÓ, ÒGone with the WindÓ  _The pronoun ÒIÓ should not be Dcapitalized,J instead it should be typed as ÒiÓ. Titles Â4@5containing the word ÒIÓ are exceptions to this rule. €ÂH`4 Examples:D iJ am tired of talking to you €`0 are you as tired as i am of listening to this A|`5No punctuation should be used in the transcriptions. HHÁÔÂzª¨†ŠHHÁÔÂzª¨  ŽÿðlÂdÈN ZlÁ°Àg­™2‚`X\ZlÁ°Àg­™\  Žÿðl ZlÁ°Àg­™2‚`ZlÁ°Àg­™`D € `RIules and Guidelines for 3`2Transcription and Segmentation of the SWITCHBOARD 2`:Large Vocabulary Conversational Speech Recognition Corpus [` \`Version 7.:1 L` CMh µOctober 1, 1998 ¶ H?ÁÔÂdÕNˆOH?ÁÔÂdÕNÂ`D&& € XRemember to watch for common spelling confusions like: its and itÕs, theyÕre, there and @$their, by and bye, to and too, etc. * UNumbers: Spell out all number sequences except in cases such as Ò123Ó or Ò101Ó where 08Vthe numbers have a specific meaning. Transcribe years like 1983 as spoken Ñ Ònineteen @Heighty three.Ó Do not use hyphens (Òtwenty eightÓ, not Òtwenty-eightÓ). Z OLetter sequences: Spell out letter sequences: DFW, USA, FBI, NASA, ROM. When a 0h[letter sequence is used as part of an inflected word, add the inflection to the end of the Tletter sequence: e.g. TIer, BSing, the Oakland As, a witness IDed him. Transcribe a "fspoken spelling iJn all capital lettersD, each separated by a space: e.g. Òdog is spelled D O YGÓ; Òmy name is Tirelly, thatÕs T I R E L L YÓ.J If letter sequences contain special "{symbolsD then tJranscribeD them aJs they Dwould be written nJot as Dthey are spoken:J e.g. @eÒAT&TÓD nJot ÒAT and TÓ; ÒTDexasJ A&MÓD nJot ÒTDexasAJ and MÓ.D €À VClassifications of music are not titles, should not be transcribed in uppercase: e.g. ÀÐ@PÒcountry westernÓ, not ÒCountry WesternÓ; Òrock ÔnÕ rollÓ, not ÒRock ÔnÕ RollÓ. PÀä XPossessives: Use standard grammar rules to denote possession: the USÕs policy, SallyÕs Àò@Abook, the driversÕ cars, the CEOÕs decision, the dancersÕ shoes. Á \Partial words: If a speaker does Dnot completely pronounce a word and the word is not a Ábstandard reduction then sJpell out as much of the word as is pronounced, and DiJnside "cbracketsD sJpell out the part of the word that was not pronounced. Use a single dash after _the brackets Dif the last part of the word was not pronounced and a single dash before the _brackets if the first part of the word was not pronounced tJo flag that a partial word was Zspoken.D Context should be used to determine what word was intended to be spoken. If, "Kfrom context, a reasonable intended word can not be determined, mark it as @[vocalized-noise] Á| PExample:If a person begins to say the word ÒwentÓ but only pronounces the ÒwÓ, ÁŠ@transcribe it as Òw[ent]-Ó. eÁž`OIf a person says only the ÒatÓ portion of ÒthatÓ, transcribe it as Ò-[th]atÓ.  ]Restarts of ÒiÓ: If a speaker restarts when saying the word ÒiÓ, it should be transcribed as ÁÀ@WÒi-Ó.D This should only be used when the first ÒiÓs are not completely pronounced. ÁÔ`TExample:i- i really felt like DiÕJve been working now for about four years ] UMispronunciations: If a speaker mispronounces a word and the mispronunciation is not 0ÁöRan actual word, transcribe the word as it is spoken followed by the word that was @bintended.D DJivide these two words by a forward slash and enclose both words in brackets. ` QExample:i wasnÕt sure that they were blaming that [splace/space] space disaster Â&@on one company tÂ: ZCoinages: If a speaker uses and gives meaning to a word that is not an actual word, spell ÂH@4the word out as it sounds and enclose it in braces. SvÂ\`.Example:How are things for you {weatherwise} H?ÁÔÂdÕNˆQH?ÁÔÂdÕN  ŽÿðlÂdÈR HHÁÔÂrUQˆS HHÁÔÂrUQÂjD(( TAsides: If one of the speakers involved in the conversation talks to someone in the 0Wbackground and the words can be understood, then transcribe it as an aside enclosed in Sthe markers, and . This only applies if one of the conversation Xspeakers is involved in the background conversation. If just background speakers can be Wheard then this can be thought of either as noise or background noise depending energy @Glevel of the background speakers. compared to the foreground speakers. lb KExample:Òyeah i know what you honey i canÕt play with you right 0p?now iÕm on the phone sorry you know kids always want @mommy all to themselvesÓ NÀ’ ZHJesitation sounds: Use ÒuhÓ or ÒahÓ for hesitations consisting of a vowel sound, and 2À TÒumÓ or ÒhmÓ for hesitations with a nasal sound, depending upon which transcription ^the actual sound is closest to. Use ÒhuhÓ for the aspirated version of the hesitation as in: @9"huh? um ok, I see your point." ÀÐ PYes/no sounds: Use Òuh-huhÓ or Òum-humÓ (yes) and Òhuh-uhÓ or Òhum-umÓ (no) for 0ÀÞSanything remotely resembling these sounds of assent or denial; you may use Òyeah,Ó @=Òyep,Ó and ÒnopeÓ if that is what the words sound likeD. € Á \NJon-speech sounds during conversations: transcribe these using only the following list Á@of expressions in brackets: BÁ"`%[laughter][noise][vocalized-noise] `GPick the closest description ([noise] will be adequate in most cases).  XLaughter during speech: If laughter occurs directly before a word, place the [laughter] 0ÁXYtag before the spoken word. If laughter occurs after a spoken word, place the [laughter] Wtag after the word. If the speaker laughs while saying the word, but the word is still Wunderstood, transcribe this as [laughter-word], where "word" is the word spoken during Vthe laughter. If the speech is obliterated by the laughter, transcribe it strictly as Y[laughter]. If a speaker laughs while saying several words and the words are understood, Ytranscribe each word in the phrase as [laughter-word]. Laughter throughout the phrase, @ZÒyou donÕt say,Ó would be transcribed as: [laughter-you] [laughter-donÕt] [laughter-say]. €MÁÀ NPronunciation variants: The convention of "word_1" is used to denote a common 0ÁÎTvariation in the pronunciation of a word. A list of these words will be kept in the Vtranscription conventions documentation. Examples of pronunciation variants currently @ in use are: €OÁþ`*aboDuJt_1b aw tbecause_1k ah z _ `"depends_1p eh n d zthem_1eh m r`/okay_1m k eyespecially_1 s p eh sh ax l iy s`  dThese are to be used judiciously, and only to capture Dfrequently occuring rJeductionsD @7which are easy to distinguish from the baseform.<J aÂX ^Continuous background noise: Consider it as part of channel. For example, Dif a Jbaby PÂf`cries Dat a consistent energy level throughout the conversation then treat it as background HHÁÔÂrUQˆU HHÁÔÂrUQ  ŽÿðlÂdÈV HHÁÔˆˆWHHÁÔˆÀàD  aZnoise. OJnly Dconsider it as noise if the noise grows much louder than the normal 0WlevelÑin our example above the baby screaming would warrant considering it as noise. @!In this case mark it as [noise]. x8`Special lexicon issues: b`3Use "all right" instead of ÒalrightÓ in all cases. cd NUse "Walkman" when the speaker is referring specifically to the Sony Walkman, r@6and use ÒwalkmanÓ when there is no reference to Sony. pÀŠ`BExample:i like to listen to my walkman when exercising  qÀ˜`C i wonder how many transistors a Sony Walkman has? À¬`.Use ÒdoggyÓ instead of ÒdoggieÓ in all cases. mÀÄ`)Use "God" instead of "god" in all cases. Ao`6Example: itÕs like you know God what are they doing HHÁÔˆˆYHHÁÔˆ ŽÿðlÂdÈZ HHÁÔˆˆ[HHÁÔˆÂjD$$}h »Original Instructions 8$ iFollowing is the original set of guidelines and instructions for transcription ofJ SJWITCHBOARD. 2@PWe propose to deviate from these in a manner explained previously in Section 1.  N`General Instructions f(c ±Transcribe ÒverbatimÓ, without correcting grammatical errors: "Di sJeen him,Ó Òme and t@him gone to the movies,Ó etc.  Àˆ [Do not try to imitate pronunciation; use a dictionary form: ÒnoÓ will do for Ònaw,Ó Ònah,Ó 0À–Xetc., ÒohÓ for Òaw,Ó; Ògoing toÓ (not gonna or goin to); Òyou allÓ rather than ÒyÕallÓ; UÒkind ofÓ instead of ÒkindaÓ; etc. Nonstandard words which are not in the dictionary @W(e.g., kiddo) should be typed normally, i.e. without quotes or other special notation. 'ÀÆ PFollow the dictionary on hyphenating compounds in clear-cut cases. But Òwhen in ÀÔ@doubt, leave them out.Ó *Àè UTry to avoid word abbreviations: Fort Worth, not Ft. Worth; percent, not %; dollars, Àö@cents, and so forth. -Á XContractions are allowed, but be conservative. For example, contraction of ÒisÓ (itÕs a 0ÁWboy, runningÕs fun) is common and standard, but thereÕll (there will) be forms thatÕre `(that are) better left uncontracted. It is always permitted to spell out forms in full, even if Zthe pronunciation suggests the contracted form. Thus it is O K to type he is and they are @?and we would even if itÕs heÕs and theyÕre and weÕd you heard. 5ÁV \Use normal capitalization on proper names of persons, streets, restaurants, cities, states, 0Ád[etc., but put titles (of books, journals, movies, songs, plays, TV shows, etc.--what would @?properly be in italics.) in ALL CAPS, i.e., uppercase letters. :Á† ZIf it is necessary to use accent marks, insert the number 3 before the letter which would Á”@#receive the accent, e.g., fianc3e. =Á¨ QPunctuation: although normal punctuation rules apply, spontaneous conversational 0Á¶Xspeech is full of difficult situations. Strive for simplicity and consistency, with the @following specific guidelines: AÁØ Mterminate each sentence with a period unless a question mark or exclamation Áæ@point is clearly justified; DÁþ Nuse a comma instead of ... or -- or fancier punctuation when speakers change  @@thoughts or grammatical structures in the middle of a sentence; HÂ$ Pfor more detail, and for special rules involving interruptions, etc., see below Â2@under SPECIAL CONVENTIONS. KÂJ VBe sure to run a spell check upon completion of the transcript. Remember to watch for pÂXXcommon spelling confusions like: its and itÕs, theyÕre and there and their, by and bye, @etc. HHÁÔˆˆ]HHÁÔˆ ŽÿðlÂdÈ^# HÁžÁÔÁ2ˆ_HÁžÁÔÁ2Á,DR`2Special Conventions for SWITCHBOARD Conversations V VSpeakers should be indicated by ÒA: Ó and ÒB: Ó at the left margin, with two spaces 0.Xafter the colon, and with a blank line between speakers (i.e., an extra carriage return Pbefore each A: or B:). On the audio tape, A will be THE SPEAKER ON THE FIRST OF ATHE TWO SEPARATELY RECORDED SIDES. IT IS IMPERATIVE TO KEEP THIS JDESIGNATION CORRECT AND CONSISTENT, even when the crosstalk or echo is so Zstrong that both speakers are equally loud. The log sheet for each conversation will show @Ithe first few words by each speaker, to help you confirm the assignment. uÀ` EXAMPLE: wÀž`'AJ:JBJlah blah blah blah. y`"BJ:JBJlah blah blah. {`AJ:JEJtcetera. ` !% WSpell out letter and number sequences: D F W, seven forty-seven, US A, one oh one, F B @TI, etc., unless the letter sequence is pronounced as a word, as in NASA, ROM, DOS. #Àø UTranscribe years like 1983 as Ònineteen eighty-three,Ó with hyphens only between the Á@tens and ones digits. $Á WWhen a letter sequence is used as part of an inflected word, add the inflection with a PÁ(Pdash: T I -er, B S -ing, the Oakland A -s, a witness I D -ed him. This leads to HÁžÁÔÁ2ˆa#HÁžÁÔÁ2 ŽÿðlÂdÈb HHÁÔˆˆcHHÁÔˆÂ~T(($]clumsy-looking possessive forms, as in: the U S -Õs policy, the T I -erÕs last name, all the @5C E O -sÕ votes, but it saves lots of time later on. € * YPartial words: if a speaker does not finish a word, and you think you know what the word 08Xwas, you may spell out as much of the word as is pronounced, and then use a single dash Zfollowed by a comma, -,. If you cannot tell what word the speaker is trying to say, leave @it out. €p` EXAMPLE: €~`PAJ:JWJell, th-, thatÕs what they kept tell-, wanted me to believe. €`:B:I, I, I just am not to-, totally sure, uh, about that. C` !€ YHesitation sounds: use ÒuhÓ for all hesitations consisting of a vowel sound (rather than Ztrying to distinguish uh, ah, er, etc.), and ÒumÓ for all hestitations with a nasal sound @ (rather than uhm, hm, mm, etc.) €ÀØ UYes/no sounds: use Òuh-huhÓ (yes) and Òhuh-uhÓ (no) for anything remotely resembling 0ÀæXthese sounds of assent or denial; you may use Òyeah,Ó Òyep,Ó and ÒnopeÓ if that is what @the words sound like. €"Á XPunctuation: use commas instead of ... or -- or other ÒfancyÓ punctuation when speakers 0ÁXchange thoughts or grammatical structures in the middle of a Òsentence.Ó Terminate each Ysentence with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point is clearly justified. UOnly use suspension dots ... if a speaker leaves a sentence unfinished at the end of Uhis/her turn, and a period cannot be used, or at the end of a conversation where the @7speakerÕs turn was cut off by the computer timing out: €+Áj` EXAMPLE: €-Áx`9AJ:JIJ was going to do that, but then I ... €/`!BJ:JRJight, me too. F` !€1 YUse a double dash if a speaker breaks a sentence off and picks it up at the beginning of @Athe next turn, with another double dash where the pickup begins: GÁÌ` EXAMPLE: IÁÚ`8AJ:JIJ was going to do that, but then I -- J`!BJ:JRJight, me too. €;`5AJ:J-J- thought I better not after all. E` !X XNon-speech sounds during conversations: indicate these using only the following list of Vexpressions in brackets. When making judgments, pick the closest description; [noise] hwill be adequate to describe most sounds that are not represented below in TableJ Å1 Ã. Note @Munderscores (not spaces or hyphens) to connect the double word descriptions. €EÂP [If the event being described lasts longer than a few words, then indicate the beginning in Â^@7brackets [ ], and the end in brackets with a Ò/Ó, [/]. QÂz` EXAMPLE: HHÁÔˆˆeHHÁÔˆ ŽÿðlÂdÃŽñ HHÁÔˆŽòHHÁÔˆˆ++ &`D1. SJeparate multiple sounds by a space, each one in brackets: (`GA:OJh, thatÕs funny. [laughter] [cough] Excuse me, I have a cold. )`WBJ:JTJhatÕs all right, [sneezing] so do I. [barking] [child_talkingJ] >` ?`42. UJse Ò/Ó to show end of a continuous sound: !# cAJ:JWJell, it all depends, uh, on, you know, [baby_crying] how thJe fJamily @Nreacts. I mean, it can be a positive or a negative thingJ, yJou know? !' hBJ:JYJeah, well, I guess so. It just seems [/baby_crying] to me thaJt iJtÕs a very @ difficult, uh, difficult issue. +` !, TWhen a comment is needed to describe an event, put the comment in curly braces { }: U{very faint}, {sounds like speaker is talking to someone else in the room}, {speaker @ imitates a womanÕs voice here}. 0ÀÌ` EXAMPLE: 2ÀÚ`.J1. Curly braces to describe the speech: 4`5B:YJeah, yeah, I agree {very faint} rightJ. 6Á ^J2. Combine curly braces and brackets if more explanation is needed to describe the word Á@in the brackets: 9`DA:DJid it sound like this? [clicking] {sounds made with mouth} ;`[BJ:JNJo, more like [clicking] {sounds like a pencil tapping on a table} this. @` !? OWhen a word or phrase is not clear, type DOUBLE PARENTHESES (( )) around what Zyou think you hear. If there is no way to tell what the speaker said, leave 1 blank space Sbetween the double parentheses, indicating speech has been left out because it was @unintelligible. DÁ` EXAMPLE: 1FÁž ]A: JJSo when I finally did ((take up)) the violin, progressed pretty quickly in the @ beginning. !I FB: Of course, that was in college which was a long time ago, so (( )) @IrJemember. 9` !M VMarking untopical speech for possible trimming: Use an Òat signÓ, @, and a double Òat ZsignÓ, @@, to designate potential Òtrim pointsÓ at the beginning or end of conversations. YThese would exclude speech that either is not part of the conversation itself, or refers Vdirectly to the protocol. For example, it sometimes happens that callers accidentally Tpress the touchtone button that begins recording, and are being recorded during the RÒwarmup periodÓ and donÕt know it. All such speech should be marked for trimming. @%Other examples would be speech that: VÂL`Ca)J JJexplicitly refers to the SWITCHBOARD protocols; XÂZ`=b)J JJrefers to the process of making the call; Y`Ec)J JJuses the TITLE of the prompt (e.g., ÒmusicÓ); or Z`=d)J JJrepeats or paraphrases the PROMPT itself. A<` HHÁÔˆŽôHHÁÔˆ- ŽÿðlÂdÕ.!! HHÁÔˆ•/HHÁÔˆÁö  ! ‚5Ohow to choose nursing homes, havenÕt we? [Trimmed because it contains J@(both TITLE and a paraphrase of prompt.] !‚9 ^A: JJSure did. I hope your grandmother gets better. So long now, itÕs been fun JStalking to you. [Social pleasantries would not be trimmed themselves, but J@Dno harm in trimming them in order to get rid of the previous turn.] ;` !‚> ISimultaneous talking: Wherever possible, mark where both speakers talked Esimultaneously with TWO PAIRS of pound signs (#), ONE BEFORE AND ONE OAFTER each of the segments spoken at the same time. One of these segments MUST YBEGIN A TURN; in other words, if one person is an ÒinterruptorÓ, his interruption starts @Na new turn. Remember, BOTH speakersÕ turns must contain TWO pound signs each. ‚FÀ°`A SIMPLE EXAMPLE: ‚HÀ¾`2A:JOJkay, well, I guess thatÕs about it. ‚J`B:JYJeah. ‚L`"A:JNJice talking to you. `B:J#J Right, bye. # `A:J#J Bye bye. # !Á`ANOTHER EXAMPLE: "Á `4A:JIJ never heard such nonsense, you know, ‚W`CB:J#J Yeah, I know. # [B interrupts while A continues.] !‚Y ZA:J#J as I heard that # day when I blah blah blah. [A continues beyond the J@simultaneously spoken words.] Áf`WHICH COULD ALSO BE WRITTEN: ‚]Át`IA: JJI never heard such nonsense, you know, # as I heard that # ‚_`#B: JJ# Yeah, I know. # ‚a`(A: JJday when I blah blah blah ‚dÁ¬`ANOTHER EXAMPLE:  Áº`EA: JJI never heard such nonsense, # you know, # [A starts.] ‚h`GB: JJ#J JYeah, # [B starts to step on A.] !‚j _A: JJas I heard that day when # I was at that meeting. # [A continues without  J@ stopping.] A‚l`HB: # I agree with you all the way # [B comes in over A again.] HHÁÔˆ•1HHÁÔˆ-  Žÿðl HHÁÔÁH€‘–HHÁÔÁH€ÁDÿü $'# UTUT@h Ä  †ªªÁ5ª¨(i ´A list of typical nonspeech sounds that are transcribed as Ò[noise]Ó. Effort expended on extremely PÁAª§@=detailed marking of noise has not proven productive to date. HHÁÔÁH€‘˜HHÁÔÁH€""Žÿðl€}ZÀIÿþlÁ ‘›%ZÀIÿþlÁ Á "O`[TV] Q`[baby] S`[baby_crying] T`[baby_talking] ^` [barking] €K`[beep] €L`[bell] €S`[bird_squawk] €U` [breathing] €V`[buzz] €W` [buzzer] €X`[child] €Y`[child_crying] €Z`[child_laughing] €[`[child_talking] €\`[child_whining] €]`[child_yelling] €^` [children] €_`[children_talking] A€``[children_yelling] €}ÀÆÀIÿþlÁ ‘°$&ÀÆÀIÿþlÁ Á "€a` [chiming] €b` [clanging] €c` [clanking] €d`[click] €e` [clicking] €f`[clink] €g` [clinking] €h`[cough] €i` [dishes] €j`[door] €k` [footsteps] €l`[gasp] €m`[groan] €n`[hiss] €o`[horn] €p`[hum] €q` [inhaling] €r` [laughter] €s`[meow] A€t` [motorcycle] €}Á2ÀIÿþlÁ ‘Å%'Á2ÀIÿþlÁ Á "€u`[music] €v`[noise] €w`[nose_blowing] €x`[phone_ringing] €y` [popping] €z` [pounding] €{` [printer] €|` [rattling] €}` [ringing] €~` [rustling] €` [scratching] ` [screeching] `[sigh] ` [singing] `[siren] `[smack] ` [sneezing] ` [sniffing] ` [snorting] A` [squawking] €}ÁžÀIÿþlÁ ‘Ú&ÁžÀIÿþlÁ Á" ` [squeak]  *` [static]  ` [swallowing]  ` [talking]  ` [tapping] `[throat_clearing] ` [thumping] `[tone] `[tones] `[trill] `[tsk] ` [typewriter] `[ugh] ` [wheezing] ` [whispering] ` [whistling] ` [yawning] A` [yelling] ÂdÃ’¦-- HHÁÔˆ’§+HHÁÔˆ€++- f R[The TITLE and the PROMPT for each topic will be found on your information sheet; @Vthey are keyed to the topic number, which is on the log sheet for each conversation.] ,* ;Marking these trim points means that EVERYTHING BEFORE Ô@Õ 08EAND/OREVERYTHING AFTER Ô@@Õ may be discarded without losing the main Ubody of the conversation on the topic. These symbols may therefore only be used ONCE FAT THE BEGINNING (@) AND/OR ONCE AT THE END (@@) of the conversation. JThey must also be used ONLY AT TURN-TAKING POINTS, i.e., at the left hand Smargin, before an ÒA:Ó or ÒB:Ó, NOT part of the way through someoneÕs turn. One or Zboth may be used in a single conversation, i.e., trimming of material at the beginning is @%independent of trimming at the end. .À  XSocial niceties and transitional talk are neutral. That is, they may be left alone, but À®@Tshould be trimmed if they occur next to material that definitely deserves trimming. ‚ÀÊ` EXAMPLE: ‚ÀØ`HA: JJOkay, so what am I supposed to do now? Wait, let me read, ‚`3B: JI tJhink youÕre supposed to push one. ‚`LA: JJletÕs see, it says here to push, okay, but I think I already, ‚`Jokay are you ready? ‚ `LB: JJYep. [Talking about protocol up to here.] ‚ `LA: JJHere we go. Alright, now, tell me, what is your favorite kind ‚ `?Jof music? [Using topic TITLE explicitly.] ‚`<@B: I enjoy Mozart and reggae, but I really love rap. [OK] ‚`J. ‚`'J. ‚`J. ‚`YA: JJIÕve certainly enjoyed hearing what you have to say. [Trim optional here.] !‚ N@@B: Well, if weÕve talked enough, do I need to push a button or anything? I Eguess not, we can just hang up. So long. [Talk of protocol should be @ trimmed.] ‚`(A: JJBye. Nice talking to you. ‚ ÁÆ`ANOTHER EXAMPLE: ‚"ÁÔ`,A: JJHi, there, how are you doing? ‚$`#B: JJFine, how about you? !‚& gA: JJJust great, except for all this heat. [Chitchat up to here could be left alone if J@no reason to trim occurred.] !‚) `B: JJWell. Care of the elderly, huh? ThatÕs our topic? [Need to trim because it J@mentions the topic TITLE.] !‚, R@A: Yes. Do you have any relatives that need special care? [This is OK as JPpart of the conversation, since only the word ÒcareÓ is repeated from the J@@prompt. It is not trimmed--initial trimming ends with the Ô@Õ.] ‚/`J. ‚1`J. ‚3`J. 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€E€€€€55€þ4€ý4€€4€€€€€€E€€€€55€þ4€ý4€€€5€€€€€E€€€55€þ4€ý4€€€€P€€ €€E€€ €55€þ4€ý4€€€€P€€$€E€$€55€þ4€ý4€€€€P€€(€E€)€55€þ4€ý4€€€P€€(€E€)€55€þ4€ý4€€€P€€)€E€*€55€þ4€ý4€€€P€€,€E€-€55€þ€þ€€€Q€¬5€þ€þ€€T€­€þ€þ€€þ€€þ€þ€€þ€€þ€þ€€þ€€þ€þ€€þ€ =EndInset lÁ÷þÚÁŒÀ´Ö{o‚` alÁ÷þÚÁŒÀ´Ö{ ]] Žÿðl lÁ÷þÚÁŒÀ´Ö{p‚`lÁ÷þÚÁŒÀ´Ö{À´D  \h`by, j` i `(J.Hamaker, Graduate Research Assistant g`/YK. Zeng, ?Graduate Research Assistant 0`&J.Picone, Ph.D., Associate Professor k` /`0Institute for Signal and Information Processing 1`0Institute for Signal and Information Processing U`Mississippi State University W`!Box 9571, 216 Simrall, Hardy Rd. d`*Mississippi State, Mississippi 3976?2  `/TKel: 601-325-3149, Fax: 601-325-314?9 Cp`5email:{hamaker, zeng, picone}@isip.msstate.ed:u À¤(–Àéä&Á!oûÀÝ‘1‚`\ffXÀ¤(–Àéä&Á!oûÀÝÂÀ¤(–Àéä&Á"'©ÀÝš‚`aÀ¤(–Àéä&Á"'©ÀÝÂXa% H$ÁÔŠH$ÁÔŠ‰ÿÿ‚ W\†ªª†ªªe H$ÁÔŠ²0‚H$ÁÔŠ‚ ‚  Žÿðl HÂíUaÁÔŠHÂíUaÁÔŠ‰ÿÿ‚W^†ªª†ªªe HÂíUaÁÔŠ²/‚ ‚HÂíUaÁÔŠ‚‚ Žÿðl HHÁÔˆHHÁÔˆ ‚Wee HHÁÔˆ²+‚HHÁÔˆ‚‚ Žÿðl HHÁÔˆHHÁÔˆ‡ÿþ‚W_…UT…UT` HHÁÔˆ¼x‚HHÁÔˆ‚‚  Žÿðl HÂíUaÁÔŠHÂíUaÁÔŠ‡ÿþ‚W`…UT…UThYëInstitute for Signal and Information ProcessingêP ºOctober 1, 1998 ¹ HÂíUaÁÔŠµÜ‚‚HÂíUaÁÔŠ‚‚  Žÿðl H$ÁÔŠH$ÁÔŠ‡ÿþT‚W]…UT…UThG ¸SWB Guidelines: Version 7.0 ·Page  ­2 ® of  ¯11 ° H$ÁÔŠµñ‚H$ÁÔŠ‚‚  ŽÿðlÂdÜ߂0ÀC€ÀC€ÁÝ‘²È‚‚ÀC€ÀC€ÁÝ‘HHÁÔˆœé‚‚‚HHÁÔˆc6Àëð$œì ‚‚‚c6Àëð$ ÀgÿëÀBúÀà€€&‚ÀgÿëÀBúÀà€€‡ÿþ‚Wk…UT…UTh:íINSTITUTE FOR SIGNAL AND INFORMATION PROCESSINGì ÀgÿëÀBúÀà€€²4 ‚‚‚AÀgÿëÀBúÀà€€‚‚  Žÿðl! llÁŒÂ7J‚llÁŒÂ7 ‚AWa` llÁŒÂ7µ<‚‚/llÁŒÂ7‚@‚@  ŽÿðlÂdÃqÂT‚_ H—´m³Rë‹™qÄ‚S‚UH—´m³Rë‹™H RH RFootnote HÀrýÀ@‹™qÅ‚S‚T‚VHÀrýÀ@‹™HÀz·¯HÀz·¯ Single LineH§À´ŽÿðqÆ‚S‚U‚X‚W‚WFootnote ‚ Àœ½‚V ‚ À ‚ À™‚ HÀ¨ýÀD­‹™qÈ‚S‚V‚YHÀ¨ýÀD­‹™HÀ°·¯HÀ°·¯ Double LineHÀ¹ÿðÁÔŒqÉ‚S‚X‚\‚Z‚[ Double LineÁÔœÁ‚Y‚[ÁÔÁÔ„ÁԜÂY‚Z„ÁÔ„ÁÔ„HÀ…ÿúÁÔŠqÌ‚S‚Y‚^‚]‚] Single LineÁԜƂ\ÁÔÁÔHZÀ´…ÿðq΂S‚\‚_ TableFootnote ÀE¸ÏÀGxÅÀRªù‹™qÏ‚S‚^ÀE¸ÏÀGxÅÀRªù‹™ÀE¸ÏÀPwÀE¸ÏÀPw TableFootnoteÂdÃœæXfÂdÃyÂdÃLeftÂdÃRightÂdÂisip_coverpageÂdà +Âdà ÂdÂS ReferenceÂdÂ`isip_coverpageÂdà ‚cÂdà Âdà Âdà Âdà Âdà Âdà ÂdÃÂdà  $€æf™€@€€€™  isip_affiliation. $ €æf™€@€€€™L  isip_authors affiliation. €À@€@€€€™ÁÔ isip_header_0. 66‘þµ€æf™€@€€€™